What is a TENS Machine?
TENS stands for Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. A TENS machine is a small, battery-operated device that delivers low-voltage electrical impulses through electrodes (sticky pads) placed on the skin near the area of pain. It is a non-invasive, drug-free method of pain relief that can be used at home.
How Does it Work?
There are two main theories about how TENS works:
- Gate control theory — the electrical impulses interfere with pain signals travelling to the brain, effectively "closing the gate" on pain perception
- Endorphin release — the electrical stimulation triggers the release of the body's natural painkillers (endorphins and enkephalins)
What is it Used For?
- Arthritis pain
- Back pain
- Knee pain
- Sports injuries
- Period pain
- Labour pain during childbirth
- Fibromyalgia
- Endometriosis
How to Use a TENS Machine
Place the electrodes on clean, dry skin near the area of pain (not on broken skin, over the spine, or near the heart). Start at a low intensity and gradually increase until you feel a strong but comfortable tingling sensation. Sessions typically last 20–40 minutes. The device can be used multiple times a day.
Is it Safe?
TENS is generally safe for most people. However, it should not be used by people with pacemakers, epilepsy, or during pregnancy (except under medical supervision for labour pain). Always follow the manufacturer's instructions.