What is APS?
Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), also known as Hughes syndrome, is an autoimmune condition in which the immune system produces antibodies (antiphospholipid antibodies) that attack normal proteins in the blood, making it prone to clotting. This can lead to blood clots in arteries and veins and is a significant cause of strokes, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism, and pregnancy complications. APS affects women more than men and is often associated with lupus.
Symptoms and Complications
- Blood clots — in the legs (DVT), lungs (pulmonary embolism), brain (stroke or TIA)
- Recurrent miscarriages — APS is a leading treatable cause of recurrent pregnancy loss
- Livedo reticularis — a mottled, net-like discolouration of the skin
- Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
- Headaches and migraines
- Memory problems and cognitive difficulties
- Heart valve problems
Diagnosis
APS is diagnosed when someone has had a clot or pregnancy complication AND tests positive for antiphospholipid antibodies (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, or anti-beta2 glycoprotein-I antibodies) on at least two separate occasions, 12 weeks apart.
Treatment
- Anticoagulation (blood thinning) — warfarin or newer anticoagulants (DOACs) to prevent clots
- Low-dose aspirin — particularly for pregnancy-related APS
- Hydroxychloroquine — to reduce antibody levels
- Heparin injections during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage